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The volume goes back to a symposium of the Department of Religious Studies of the German Society for Eastern European Studies, which took place in November 1995 in Bonn and was dedicated to the current changes of the Christian churches and the new situation for the faithful in Eastern Europe. Contributions to theology, history and literature have been incorporated in revised form. Der Band geht auf ein Symposium der Fachgruppe Religionswissenschaft der deutschen Gesellschaft für Osteuropakunde zurück, das im November 1995 in Bonn stattfand und den aktuellen Wandlungen der christlichen Kirchen und der neuen Situation für die Gläubigen in Osteuropa gewidmet war. Die Beiträge zu Theologie, Geschichte und Literatur sind in überarbeiteter Form aufgenommen.

Christentum in der Diktatur --- Gläubige --- Kasack --- Katakombenkirche in Sowjetstaat --- katholische Kirche in Ungarn --- Kirchen --- Orthodoxe Kirche nach dem Kommunismus --- Osteuropa --- postsowjetischen --- Religionsgemeinschaften im Rußland

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Canon law --- Droit canonique --- Canon law. --- Kanonisches Recht --- Zeitschrift --- Periodikum --- Zeitschriften --- Presse --- Fortlaufendes Sammelwerk --- Katholisches Kirchenrecht --- Kirchenrecht --- Katholische Kirche --- Public law (Canon law) --- Law --- Ecclesiastical law --- Rescripts, Papal --- Catholic Church --- Derecho canónico

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This study takes as its point of departure the diet in the summer of the year 1579 in Vienna. Leonhard von Harrach, Privy Councellor of Emperor Rudolf II, negotiated with leaders of the oppositional protestant nobility, who wanted to push through freedom of religious confession in the landesherrlichen cities and market towns in Lower Austria. Analysis of Harrachs's connections to opposition, his scope of action as a member of the government, councellor and mentor of the young, Spanish-catholic oriented Kaiser, professional court politician, nobleman, leader of an Austrian power elite, head of the 'House of Harrach' and a Catholic interested in reaching reconciliation with the protestants, can show the special structures of this conflict. The historiographic basis had largely to be assembled from scratch since, e.g., in recorded histories and chronics very little mention is made of an Austrian power elite within the Habsburg monarchy of the 16th century, which consisted of land-owning noblemen. The existence of this power elite has considerable consequences in gaining a proper understanding of the 'dualism' of Ständestaat as a complex dualistic system of political cooperation in the Habsburg monarchy. This power elite of functionaries from the lower nobility had a strong position in court and administration and also in estates in the Eastern hereditary lands of the Habsburgs. Noble families such as the Roggendorf, Jörger, Hoffmann, Windischgrätz or Khevenhüller, all in the same social network as Harrach, were among the most prominent families to profit from the more central organization of the state and at the same time they produced the most important leaders of the protestant opposition in Vienna and Graz. Although the conflict culture of the dualistic system wasn't strong enough against confessional polarization, the cooperation of the Habsburg dynasty with the court-oriented nobility from the provinces of the hereditary lands proved to be such a successful model of governmental organization that in the Austrian-Bohemian 'Dyarchy' it was continued on a larger scale. Skills of power elite made it possible to Harrach and his friend and relative Jörger, leader of the opposition, to employ a form of crisis management to moderate the oppositions after 1580. But the polarization of religious confessions had destroyed the Irenic of Harrach. His initiation into the Spanish-catholic Habsburg Order of the Golden Fleece gave the decisive impulse, to take on, along with the Archduke Ernst, the overall direction of moderate, but compulsory re-Catholization of the Lower-Austrian cities and market towns, organized by Melchior Khlesl, official of the Bishopric Passau in Vienna.

Nobility --- Harrach, Leonhard von, --- Rudolf --- Austria --- Politics and government --- Leonhard von Harrach (1514 - 1590) --- Aristocratic Power Elite --- Noble Estates --- Court and Country --- catholic confessionalization --- Geheimrat --- Habsburg --- Protestantismus --- Römisch-katholische Kirche --- Rudolf II. (HRR) --- Wien

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Traces the development of the Catholic community in the United States from colonial times to the present and examines their influence on American history.

Catholics --- History. --- Catholic Church --- Church of Rome --- Roman Catholic Church --- Katholische Kirche --- Katolyt︠s︡ʹka t︠s︡erkva --- Römisch-Katholische Kirche --- Römische Kirche --- Ecclesia Catholica --- Eglise catholique --- Eglise catholique-romaine --- Katolicheskai︠a︡ t︠s︡erkovʹ --- Chiesa cattolica --- Iglesia Católica --- Kościół Katolicki --- Katolicki Kościół --- Kościół Rzymskokatolicki --- Nihon Katorikku Kyōkai --- Katholikē Ekklēsia --- Gereja Katolik --- Kenesiyah ha-Ḳatolit --- Kanisa Katoliki --- כנסיה הקתולית --- כנסייה הקתולית --- 가톨릭교 --- 천주교

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Women --- Education of women --- Women's education --- Education. --- Catholic Church --- Church of Rome --- Roman Catholic Church --- Katholische Kirche --- Katolyt︠s︡ʹka t︠s︡erkva --- Römisch-Katholische Kirche --- Römische Kirche --- Ecclesia Catholica --- Eglise catholique --- Eglise catholique-romaine --- Katolicheskai︠a︡ t︠s︡erkovʹ --- Chiesa cattolica --- Iglesia Católica --- Kościół Katolicki --- Katolicki Kościół --- Kościół Rzymskokatolicki --- Nihon Katorikku Kyōkai --- Katholikē Ekklēsia --- Gereja Katolik --- Kenesiyah ha-Ḳatolit --- Kanisa Katoliki --- כנסיה הקתולית --- כנסייה הקתולית --- 가톨릭교 --- 천주교